Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) refers to the branch of spectroscopy that focuses on the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of light characterized by longer wavelengths and lower frequencies than those of visible light. This field encompasses a variety of techniques, primarily centered around absorption spectroscopy. Capabilities of Infrared Analysis Applications of Infrared … Read more
The information provided above (including the procedure page) may give the impression that TLC is a relatively simple procedure. However, consider the experience of conducting a TLC for the first time, where one might observe spots scattered throughout and blurred, streaked areas. Like any technique, improvement comes with practice. Below are examples of typical issues … Read more
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique utilized in chromatography for the separation of mixtures. This process is conducted on a substrate made of glass, plastic, or aluminum foil, which is covered with a thin layer of adsorbent material, typically silica gel, aluminum oxide, or cellulose (blotter paper). The adsorbent layer is referred to as … Read more
What is a Material Safety Data Sheet, commonly referred to as MSDS? A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a documented resource that supplies users and emergency responders with essential information and procedures for the safe handling and use of chemicals. MSDSs have existed in various forms since the era of the ancient Egyptians. While … Read more
Amorphous: A term that refers to a solid lacking a crystalline structure. Although there may be some local arrangement of atoms or molecules within an amorphous solid, there is an absence of long-range order. Examples include window glass and polystyrene. Atomic mass unit: An atomic mass unit, abbreviated as amu, is defined as one twelfth … Read more
The dissolution specification is defined by the amount (Q) of active substance that dissolves within a designated time frame, represented as a percentage of the content indicated on the product label. According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, the dissolution specification is articulated in terms of the amount (D) of active substance that dissolves in a specified … Read more
According to the solubility and permeability of drugs, the following Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is suggested in the literature (Amidon 1995) This classification serves as a foundation for establishing in vitro dissolution specifications and also aids in predicting the probability of achieving a successful in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC). The solubility of a drug is … Read more
A tablet’s strength has a significant impact on its marketing, transportation and dissolution. The mechanical strength of tablet or granules can be determined by its hardness and through friability test. A clear synthetic polymer drum with polished internal surfaces that is not susceptible to static buildup shouldbe used; it should have an internal diameter of 283 to 291 mm and a depth of 36 to 40 mm. The drum has a detachable side. A curving projection that runs from the center of the drum to the outside wall and has an inside radius of 75.5 to 85.5 mm tumbles the tablets with each rotation of the drum. A device that revolves at 25 ±1 rpm has the drum fixed to its horizontal axis. As a result, the tablets slide or roll during every rotation, landing on the drum wall or one another. Friability test procedure and Acceptance Criteria
A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH … Read more
“Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which laboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, and reported.” GLP prescribes a laboratory to work according to a system of procedures and protocols. This implies the organization of the activities and the conditions under which these take place are controlled, … Read more
